Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay Propose new ways to manage sustainable development objective for to improve the quality of life on all side, Whether on business in the manufacturing of use of resources it is about new ways to manage sustainable development and environmental resource planning in society. Production of integrated model that promotes innovation in production processes and objectives of Slovenia on social development is to improve the quality of life and welfare of all persons measured by indicators of human development and social risks and sustainable development to include the three aspects. The economic, social and environmental. Linked and interrelated any development project. The third element to consider in this sustainable development is something that far more than just the environment. And so on Innovation technology, sustainability and society Jurgan Dorman [2001] This method is improve sustainability all for society all for society development on to innovation to become more sustainable. The method is how new products and service and can aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competence all of these to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession. Encouraging business to innovate to become more sustainable. It aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competences, and how new products and services can be developed. by helping to develop social study by young people seeking opportunities to learn to work together. And graduate education to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession but Sustainable innovation climate change mitigation Nelson , New York [1993] To climate change mitigation in natural resources and environment problems that occur because of rapid population increase. The idea is to use the system to for promoting sustainable innovation for climate mitigation is manage natural resources in the form plant communities relative to the climate. Natural resources and environmental problems that occur. Because of rapid population increase. The deterioration of natural resources quickly timely. Essentially relies on a database. Management system. Improve information systems at any time. Convert the area to be effective. Committee has been involved with teaching and learning, as well as GIS GIS application used to manage natural resources in the form of research with many different projects such as application of remote sensing and geographic information system or Sustainability and innovation, learning and Culture change to develop the principle that underpin of innovation effecting cultural change a learning organization need to progression from environmental management to sustainability management. These definitions share a view that long-term economic and social change can only be sustainable and beneficial when safeguarding the natural resources upon which development depends. But this means that managing the trade-off between the three legs of sustainability, is the greatest challenge to capitalist organization behavior .There cannot be a win situation for all of the three spheres of sustainability in the short term only in the long term within the sustainability framework. It is crucial that this area is addressed in the evolution of sustainability management systems organizations must have a solid basis to build their systems on so that the best advantage can be made of learning and evolving beyond the implementation of EMSs as they are currently constructed. Malcolm McIntosh, Bela Arora [2001] 2 Innovation and Sustainability in central Europe Imre Kovcah[2006]- Competition in the business on creative thinking of The direct answer to mind of consumers are product or service development walk next goal is one of the market, And maintain that commitment with the creation of sustainable growth to continue. As well as personal development. All of these are the work of operators to use both science and art of planning. Increasing competitive pressures are strongly associated with globaliszation of economy and economic structures. So, the question is how companies, regions and states are able to face up these pressures and become more competitive within the global economy. It is impossible to build up economy of the Czech Republic on the strategy of low-cost economy profiting from provisionally low input costs (especially low wages). This strategy is menaced by eastern countries with traditional cheap labour force (e.g. China, India) and the Czech Republic must build up its economy on different basis. It is necessary to encourage innovatory ability of companies, increasing quality of human resources, research and new technologies to become more competitive not only within the Europe but also all over the world. All these factors are significant for innovatory economic development within the Czech Republic. So, it is necessary to research the ability of regions within the Czech Republic to absorb or induce innovatory economic development. National innovation policy in modern developed states is one of the most significant and efficiency policies. There are innovation policies formulated not only at the national but also at the regional level in the developed states. Projects and their sources, dynamics, social availability and 3 Sustainable Business Model: Time for innovation Diane Osgood [2009] as these markets develop, their power can be integrated into business models and harnessed to help consumer make smart choices. Heres an illustrative case study :Due to local regulation in New South Wales, Australia, individuals can bundle their validated reduction in carbon emission and sell them on the NSW carbon market. An entrepreneurial company, easy being green, created a business trading energy-efficient light bulbs for individuals carbon credit when the price for carbon was high, this was a nicely profitable business that gave consumer a financial reward for switching to an energy-efficient product. Price volatility in the carbon market caused this pioneering venture to go belly up. Indeed, failure will always be a part of the pioneering landscape, especially when commodities have unstable market support. Creativity in order in order to produce goods and services create new value in it self for success business innovation side and the rigorous process of i nnovation management but 4 Sustainability Management, innovation and entrepreneurship In this method is helping the invention of products, support or protection. Because although the state agency that provide support for any innovation is protected with the idea to create sustainable that is a patented (Patent) with the development to the benefit of the commercial, Protection technology produces, Was instrumental in building alliances, Promoting investment To be set up manufacturing bases in the country and promote investment in research, Improve the quality of products continuously. This will lower the price. Weber [2005] Hà ¼lsmann[2003] a resource management sustainable when supply and consumption of material and imam-terial resources are balanced out. Just like the market is an institution that balances demand and supply; this resource community is the virtual place where resource consumption and supply are balanced out. For businesses this implies two different definitions of success (Hà ¼lsmann 2003): Companies have to be successful in the market (be profitable) and to main-tain their vital resources (be economical). Sustainability and innovation are deeply connected Nick Carlson [2101] In this theory, related to innovation and sustainable improvements and new development to be a good thing for example, manufactures detergent Tide has revealed that. Washing powder in his niche in the hot wash is most effective. Green tiles and glass tiles, glass tiles, the study found that when the new production will help reduce raw material and energy rather than ceramic tiles. The found that enable the development of good quality and economical as well innovation Are deeply connected thats have been developing some things new , and improving old products and products and processes through sustainable design. Furthermore still have been products that reduce raw material and energy waste that small changes shared by large bodied of people of people to commit the most changes in the same way 5 Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design Martin Charter Tom Clark, [2007] Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design products that have been developing in the median long-term many opportunity in response to market demand to be useful need for implementation in business will have to changes from experiences. The urgency of sustainable innovation is becoming internationally recognized as a vital contribution if not a panacea towards a sustainable future. The economic and business opportunities are also being recognized as immense. There are emerging positive signals of strengthening drivers and activity by governments and business recognition and discussion of the problems, however, is far from universal and recognition does not inevitably lead to a solution. Societies, economies and markets are still a long way from making the necessary changes to create widespread demand for sustainable products and services, and therefore demand for sustainable innovation but Invention and Innovation for sustainable development Although sustainable innovation is the practice of protecting the environment while improving living standards for all, and innovation and innovation is key to its success. Invention and innovation for sustainable development isnt just about developing new technology, but includes new processes and new ways of solving old problems creative despite the fact that people everywhere have an innate ability to be creative, rich country are not doing enough to stimulate and harness invention and creative thinking, and poor country tend to stifle innovation and creativity outright. Invention and innovation for sustainable development sustainable development is for all country, not just developing ones. While rich country need to develop their own impact on the environment, poor country need to develop their own innovation capacity in order to address their own particular needs. Julia Marton Lefever, Chair [2003] 6 Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management Niko Paech [2000] Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management the innovation process requires a different structure are not committed to the optimization its start should be returned to the decision level which the innovation direction Directional certainty then takes on a level of importance which extends beyond mere fine-tuning Therefore, if it is to serve the purpose of sustainable development, a change of course cannot be achieved while the mode of change remains otherwise structurally unchanged. Even innovations meant to be sustainable can have unintended effects, leave scars, and accelerate growth in consumption also Innovation management methods and tools for sustainable product service system Jelsma J(2000) , Mont O (2001) Innovation management method for sustainable product service system in case study is the act introducing something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new or different from the others based on changes to create an opportunity and must be clear and focus on the development and most importantly, the act must be done innovation has to happen innovation one step. However, innovation in organization all organizations will then be successful most important cause of behavior due to the blocking ability of innovation that is not accepted or are afraid of what will be changed. Therefore important that business must be deal before proceeding with the organization for innovation we should need understand the overall business environment or industry groups that exist at present, which is considered appropriate in terms of the need for change , environment within the enterprise i s ready to innovation in the organization or not whether in terms of funding and personnel but 7 Technological innovation fostering sustainable development: some case study in Belgium. difference and thinking same on paragraph technological innovation fostering sustainable development in case studies, Which are drivers for innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and long-term to the evolution of potential markets, case study of sustainable technology that differ from spreading to other technology to compare the distribution of their use of technology to promote innovation to diversify the group of potential adopters because most small organizations are often linked to the global organization of Belgian and Research will be sold to a wide range of products covering a comprehensive new teacher and the problem is depends on the response to external pressures. Environmental protection in a competitive trading standards lead to a new replacement product at the firm level reveal that there is not a single pattern of interactions between market strategy, environmental pressure, innovation process, human resour ce management and the regulatory and political context sustainable development opens opportunities for new products and markets, which are drivers for innovation. Innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and a long-term approach to the evolution of potential markets. Gerard Valenduc, Cecile Patris, Francoise Warrant (1997-2001) Sustainable innovation organization and goal finding Bansal P, Roth K. (2000) sustainable innovation organization and goal finding explores the persona of the change agents and leader new in terms of transformational strategies for sustainability in order to identify the people with right set of behaviors as well as to develop the right set of techniques to make the transformation change to sustainability also 8 The role of Nature in Sustainable Innovation (Beaver, 2001) the rule of nature in sustainable innovation it may be noted, to paraphrase Beaver, that over 60% of all economic growth is due to technological advance rather than improvements in labor productivity. Jacobs (2007) The emphasize the importance of design in products and processes and the need to cooperate with partners in long term projects. They focus with partners on sustainable product development, marketing programs, sourcing and supply chains to improve health, social justice and long term prospects in addition to How innovation supports sustainability? Accord how to supports sustainable well define how countries can meet the needs of their people today without compromising those of future generation it has been a guiding principle for world economic development. Dow Cronming [2004] Forum 2009 making sustainable innovation real IXL center [2008] making sustainable innovations real are excellence and leadership will feature leaders in resource efficiency, clean and renewable energy, and sustainable construction and development but however it different with link between sustainability related innovation about thoughts that can be liked in different to be the success of the other industry to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the every things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. For innovation by dint of thinking thoughts that can be linked in different ways, if simple is to learn from the experiences of others, especially from industry and other business but 9 Links between sustainability-related innovation and sustainability management This is because they tend to limit our learning to live, only in industry organizations operate to miss or lose the opportunity to learn and experience. The success of other industries to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the very things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. Marcus Wagner, [2008] Sustainable Innovation and the Prometheus Effect Mark W Mcelroy[2004] sustainable innovation and the Prometheus effect action taken on the basic of knowledge about what work, social and environment related to business and globalization since our prevailing epistemologies legitimize such position by resorting to the same fallacious appeals but Science, Innovation, and Sustainability Chris Hollstedt [1996] Innovation and sustainability of science is to develop and establish goals to conserve the worlds biodiversity, sustainable use of components and the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic also 10 Science, technology and innovation for sustainable development Machael Bordt , juio Miguel Rose and Johnne Boivin[2006] science technology innovation has taken on a multitude of meanings foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world based on the principles of human dignity, equity at the global level are admirable, they are not based on a systematic concept framework that account the functional relationship between its various components. However Volunteer Tourism: Sustainable Innovation in Tourism, or just Pettin the Critters? what is whether of the development is a study of relationship between two volunteer tourism host thats suffering from a lack of affordable health care with minimal access to quality public education and healthy food and drink both are experience the benefit and the challenges of receiving volunteer tourists this is an attempt to illuminate the relationships between and among volunteer tourists Nancy G. Mcgehee[2005] Sustainability Innovation (Student Challenge) University of Michigan[2015] sustainability commitments the Dow chemical company has established the Dow sustainability innovation student challenge award to recognize innovation aligned with companys sustainability goals based on demonstrated academic excellence in the field of sustainability in the same way 11 The Dow sustainability Innovation Student Challenge Dow set important goals improve the environment, health and safety performance of people around the world and was recognized for its achievements strengthening relationships within the communities where Dow operates, continue to improve our product stewardship and innovation to solve the worlds most pressing problems, and reducing our global footprint. The Dow Challenge presents a unique opportunity to recognize outstanding students at the University of Michigan for their innovative ideas in pursuit of sustainability. On behalf of the University of Michigan, the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute has accepted responsibility for the promotion and management of this program. Noah Wilson Rich[1995] Sustainable Innovation (Drivers and Barriers) Andrew Dearing [1236] Drivers and Barriers sustainability innovation about the link between their own values and those of their customers but there is much more to be done and important lessons to be learned and applied, especially to obtain innovation that addresses the social pillar of sustainable development. There are many ways in which other stakeholders can assist these efforts sustainable development is a metaphor for opportunity and progress as well as a reminder of obligations and uncertainty. It requires a step-change improvement in performance. Merely doing better what we are already doing is not sufficient to meet the needs and aspirations of a growing world population with dignity. At the same time, commercial success depends upon carrying out business in value-creating ways and 12 Sustainability (Driven by innovation) Carsten Beverungen [2009] driven by innovation targeting markets driven by wellness and sustainability their worldwide presence and consumer insight enable us to support our customers in boosting efficiency and in serving target groups that personal well-being and comfort With our throng focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. As a successful company, we seek to play an intergral, proactive role within the wider social environment always showing deep respect for the cultures in which we operate. With our trong focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. Accordingly, they seek to work in harmony with the environment. Their products, concepts and services enable our customers to reduce the ecological impacts of their products and processes but Sustainability Innovation Lab (Engage) In theory, this involves design In order to provide better social and ecological systems. This innovation requires the cooperation of the community. And the actual trial. To develop the resources and the environment in a better way besides different thinking about innovation lab engage focus on a key issue it was clear while this innovation this innovation lab was customized to the dilemma and context of this particular client, the process architecture and manner of hosting are relevant to other largess stakeholder issues seeking to spur innovation and action in a short period of time. Peter Merry and Tatiana Glad[2009] 13 Sustainable Saudi business tourism (SBT) innovation: improving the position of SBT coping with information system Kiss [2004] In theory about the process of tourism development is sustainable. Based on elements of product and service development, these events will vary. Both products. And patterns of service. This will all depend on the environment and the knowledge that it is an advantage in business. Sustainable development will lead to the development of something new and better efficiency. The concept of sustainable development has received attention of academic and government are significant and have contributed significantly. This has resulted in the development of sustainable tourism operators have the opportunity to achieve a high. Sustainable business tourism we study this theory about process sustainable waste components products and service development competition this will instead them in order to at how different products present them smart changes rules if they Dioxide order of magnitude on the other hand, From the editor / why green is growing (when not much else is) also they study about the concept of sustainable tourism development has received attention in academic and government support and is very explicit in a number of policies for sustainable tourism and books document. The discussion of sustainable tourism is often limited to analysis of how to ensure continuity of travel by reducing the negative impacts in other words, it may be pointed out that the concept of sustainable tourism, a lot of about the continuity of tourism than it is about support for the sustainability of tourism. Harper Collins, [2009] 14 Advancing sustainability though change and innovation: A co-evolutionary perspective Coupland, Ehrenfeld[2005] In theory, this will tell the benefits of decisions and the impact of what variations. Such as evolution ,ecological, social and participatory If the service.   How to adjust the social system and ecosystem, can enable a new social norm of the structure and making process decision. Correlated evolution of interacting with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities worth empowerment in the country have adapted by developing a high level of science knowledge to solve the problem of the risk of continuing. Environmental risks associated with the distribution.   Society is reflected in new   criteria and procedures relating to the environmental consult around the community. Advancing sustainability through change and innovation that how to adjust between social system and ecosystems can enable a new social norms and processes of decision-making structure of the community evolution relationship to interact with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities i n the country have adapted by developing a high level of scientific knowledge around issues, making them toxic to engage in continuing although 15 Innovation system dynamic and sustainable development challenges for policy Dr.Maj Munch Andersen[2004] National Innovation System is a network of institutions in the national economy with activity and interaction between them. National innovation agency recognize the importance of increase competitiveness of national industry with the goal of intervening in the innovation strategy of the industry is restructuring or fundamentals of the industry. Innovation system dynamic social of norms and processes provide innovation planning system to make exchange of knowledge to initiatives to alter the import and innovation of technology to generate new business with higher added values and innovation as an alternative to the strategy that industry. The NIS perspective, this journal has argued, make up a new rational in environmental policymaking, the possible implications of which yet need to be further explored and tried out. At first the NIS approach seems to resemble the IPP (integrated product policy) as promoted by environmental policy in later years. But while both seek to promote company voluntary environmental action however, 16 Education, research innovation for sustainable development education, research and innovation for sustainable development as for global knowledge dissemination, one is left to wonder what policies can be envisaged to help SME to access knowledge that has been publicly promoted, suggested that both competition and co-operative research, to develop a global innovative society, pointed out the importance of Third Level Education for the optimal creation and utilization of science in innovative activities, both for the economy and the society as a source of technological and social innovations .Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio [2007] Education for sustainable development innovations programs in African university UNESCO [2006-2007] We study this theory about the purpose of the UNDESCO to facilitate networking and exchange link. And interaction among stakeholders in ESB, of the quality of the increase of teaching and learning in education for sustainable development, helping the country to make progress and achieve Millennium development goals through ESD. Efforts, and country with new opportunity to incorporate ESD into efforts to reform education. Mainstreaming environment and sustainability into university partnership aims to enhance the quality and policy relevance of university education in through the implementation of environment and sustainability as an underlying topic in diverse curricula and as practice in all other aspects of university life which will benefit the lives and careers of the direct program participants but 17 Sustainable innovation and business schools David Cooperrider [2003] We study this theory about the design is committed to build. Thinking and design skills. Experience into it self designed to introduce the innovation of its own for product development. Idea of the design process and are thought to vary. Depending on who invented the form of such things. Perhaps that is designed to be a problem. This decay is designed to develop the fix came out perfect. To take advantage of products and value products different sustainable innovation in school they believe that faculty in business school everywhere should be engaging in this kind of process, designing for a sustainable world. Management essence all about directing vision and resource toward inspiring the strongest joint performance and achieving the greatest results, in the same way Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom schools Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom school for learning environment learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. The designs should provide inspiration learning environments shaped around people and deliver improved environmental performance in the present, they should also ensure the building has the ability to incorporate further renewable and low carbon solutions in the future, as the economic. Sustainable thinking has played a key role in generating exemplary educational buildings and master plans. Whether an innovative technology academy or a low energy school for students with learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. Its sustainability credentials comprise the following : Passive cooling Thermal mass is extensively used to eliminate the need to install mechanical cooling. Earth tubes To further increase passive cooling, under the school and up through concrete risers, thereby using ground source cooling to temper the air prior to introducing it into the teaching areas. Winter Gardens These are key to passive stack ventilation in summer and reservoirs for heat reclamation in winter. Orientation The building is designed to catch low angle sunlight in walkways where it can be captured and reused through central air handling units with heat exchangers, while avoiding summer sun angles and overheating. Classrooms predominantly face north to minimise the use of blinds and maximise the quality and quantity of daylight. Head, W. and R. Buckingham[2009] 18 Innovation and sustainability : empirical influences of environmental management on corporate RD in Europe Albrecht ,J [1998] empirical influences of environmental management on corporate in Europe environmental management system and particular manger activity to reduce negative environment impacts have a positive influence on the probability of firms to carry out environment innovation, short environmental innovation in order to avoid a common issue with empirical on the other hand, Knowledge, innovation and sustainability the implementation of voluntary environmental policy in Greece: the case of environmental management system Radaelli, 2004; Boorze Risse [2000] for example this case study of environmental management system the implementation of environmental management systems for both enterprise and city level there new tools are considered to be crucial instruments for sustainable development and ecological modernization strategy, because they support ecological efficiency and innovation the implementation of EMS and the adoption of innovative technology can help the reduction of emissions, the saving of energy and water and the environmental awareness of the public 19 Sustainability innovation cube A framework to evaluate sustainability of products innovations Erik G. Hansen [1987] sustainability innovation a framework evaluate sustainability of product innovations introducing the concept of sustainability-oriented innovation they highlighted the fact that objective evaluation methods for defining sustainability-related innovations do currently not exist due to the multidimensionality of sustainability. Instead, SOI are innovations which are individually perceived as adding positive value to sustainable developmen

Communists Win Chinese Civil War Essay

How much of the Cold War was affected by the Chinese Civil War? One may ask themself this question and not find an answer because one may think very little of another country being a part of different wars at the same time. The Chinese Civil War impacted the Cold War completely. The Chinese Civil War left a legacy of many people, major events in history, importance towards the Cold War and many others. The people who made this war happen also left behind their own goals along with their own legacies. â€Å"The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) for the control of China which eventually led to China’s division into two Chinas, Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Mainland† (Chinese Civil War, 2012). The KMT and CPC are the groups of people who created the Chinese Civil War because of their diverse and unique beliefs on government. This war for control began in April 1927 during the same time of the Northern Expedition, which was a military campaign led by the KMT to unify China under the Kuomintang banner (2012). The Cold War began in 1941 or most resources say exactly after WWII showing that both the Chinese Civil War and Cold War went on in the same time period in history (Cold War, 2012). In the Chinese Civil War the main objective of each powerful party was to gain control of China and establish their thoughts on government. This civil war marked the third largest war in history, being represented by ideological split between the Nationalist KMT and Communist CPC (2012). The main leaders of the Chinese Civil War were the Nationalist’s leader, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist’s leader, Mao Zedong. The Chinese Civil War ended due to major active battles ending in 1949-1950 (2012). Most would say the war is still going on with no ending yet because no armistice or peace treaty has been signed yet. With most resources showing the Civil War of China ended about 40 years earlier than the Cold War (Cold War, 2012), but considering the Chinese Civil War never had an armistice nor peace treaty the war has never correctly ended or ended  at all. The Chinese Civil War was mainly ended though due to the Sino-Japanese War destroying the KMT severely toward their moral, troops, and trust throughout China. The Japanese invaded at this time forcing the KMT and CPC to unite in an attempt to drive out the invading Japanese (2012). Furthermore, the KMT when defending Japanese attacks lost many casualties, but once it was the CPC’s turn they defended far more than expectation pushing the Japanese back some using guerilla warfare (2012). This gained a lot of respect and trust within the CPC adding new followers to its party. After this ended the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported CPC went back at it for the control of China (Chinese Civil War, 2008). The last three years of the war are more commonly known as the War of Liberation, or alternatively the Third Internal Revolutionary War (2012). â€Å"On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China with its capital at Beiping, which was renamed Beijing; Chiang Kai-shek and approximately 2 million Nationalist Chinese retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan† (2012). The Chinese Civil War affected the Soviet Union and United States in many different ways. Among the time period of World War II the United States became a large factor in Chinese affairs (Chinese Civil War, 2011). The United States as an ally helped the Nationalist government by sending a program of massive military and financial aid in the late months of 1941 (2011). â€Å"In January 1943 the United States and Britain led the way in revising their treaties with China, bringing to an end a century of unequal treaty relations† (2011). By doing this the United States were trying to become a strong ally with China, stabilizing force in postwar East Asia (2011). â€Å"As the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists intensified, however, the United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival forces for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort† (2011). â€Å"Toward the end of the war, United States Marines were used to hold Beiping and Tianjin against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Nationalist forces in north and northeast China: (2011). American strategists debated amongst themselves on whether or not the United States should intervene in an attempt to prevent a Communist victory, which would be following the policy of containment (2011). In December 1945 General George Catlett Marshall arrived in China with the thoughts of more-so bringing the KMT and CPC together to build a  coalition government that would consist of all the contending political and military groups in China (2011). â€Å"Under Marshall’s guidance, the Nationalist and Communist factions established an Exe cutive Headquarters at Peiping, China (also known as Beijing), in January 1946† (2011). The United States Army appointed military personnel into headquarters trying to help administer the cease-fire negotiations (2011). United State forces were still held accountable towards incidents of violence between the Communist and Nationalist powers (2011). Furthermore, â€Å"the United States also helped repatriate Japanese army personnel who were stranded in China after World War II† (2011). Unfortunately for General Marshall, both the Nationalist’s and Communist’s representatives could not compromise or come to an agreement on certain fundamental issues or relinquish the territories they had gained in the time of the Japanese surrender (2011). Because of these miscommunications and bad negotiating between both of the Nationalist and Communist powers, the cease-fire attempts failed after several months resulting in battles resuming on once again (2011). The truce upheld between both forces soon fell apart in the spring of 1946 (2011). â€Å"Negotiations still continued† (2011). â€Å"On 08 January 1947 Marshall was recalled, having realized that American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could not stop the war† (2011). â€Å"Marshall was then commissioned as Secretary of State in President Truman’s Cabinet† (2011). After this General George Catlett Marshall convinced Congress to give Europe $13 billion to help rebuild, this became known as the â€Å"Marshall Plan† (2011). â€Å"Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953† (2011). The United States still strongly aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans, but no military support (2011). The Chinese Civil War battles became more raged between the two forces (2011). The two forces now not only fought for territory but also for the allegiance of cross sections of the population (2011). â€Å"By using Manchuria as a base of supply and manpower and by accelerating the stages of Mao’s theory, Co mmunists field commanders defeated Kuomintang forces in a series of conventional engagements in the late 1940s and established the People’s Republic of China in October 1949† (2011). After numerous operational set-backs in Manchuria the Communists were able to take over the region and put more focus towards the war south of the Great Wall (2011). â€Å"Stalin actually tried to restrain Mao on several occasions while he gauged  American responses to developments in China† (2011). The crossing of the Yangtze River culminated in the collapse of the KMT resistance (2011). This led directly to Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to Taiwan and the formation of the People’s Republic of China on October 1st, 1949 (2011). â€Å"The Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn from Chiang Kai-shek† (2011). This resulted in the final victory of the Communist forces led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War; this casted an ominous pall over world affairs (2011). Within the same year, Russia detonated its first atomic bomb, ending the United States commanding control over nuclear weapons (2011). The arms race had begun with the nuclear war threat always being a major constant concern in the Cold War (2011). The overall impact of the Chinese Civil War ended in favor for the Soviet Union and going against the United States. This is because the United States were practicing a policy of containment. â€Å"The strategy, containment, is the strategy that the USA had of stopping the spread of Communism right in its tracks at the start of the Cold War† –Mr. Crow. Considering the United States did not stop the spread of Communism to China, they can count this event as a loss in the Cold War. On the other hand, the Soviet Union (USSR) could consider this a victory in the Cold War considering they aided the Communist Party and force in China, helping them win the Chinese Civil War and spread the concept and belief of Communism. The concept or belief of Communism: â€Å"a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state† (Dictionary.com, 2012). â€Å"Communism has ten essential planks, which are the Abolition of Private Property, Heavy Progressive Income Tax, Abolition of Rights of Inheritance, Confiscation of Property Rights, Central Bank, Government Ownership of Communication and Transportation, Government Ownership of Factories and Agriculture, Government Control of Labor, Corporate Farms and Regional Planning, Government Control of Education† (Communism & Amorality, 2012). References â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† GlobalSecurity.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. . â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† New World Encyclopedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† Wikipedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. . â€Å"Cold War.† New World Encyclodpedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Communism & Amorality .† All About Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Definition of Communism.† Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. .

Case 6.6 Essay

Charles Tollison, Audit Manager 1. I strongly believe that Charles Tollison is qualified for a partnership position as he puts in long hours worked year-round and solves the most difficult accounting/auditing issues. He is considered the â€Å"technician† of the company because of his abilities of micromanaging his jobs and being involved in every aspect of them. It shows that he cares for the company; but he needs to invest more time in getting more clients, contracts for the organization, rather than spending all of his time solving accounting/audit issues. These are matters that someone else can handle in order for him to qualify as a partner. 2. I strongly believe that the firm did not treat him fairly. They know very well that he is a hard worker that devotes most of his time with the company and has promised him year to year that he will get promoted. Instead, they are promoting his fellow audit manager, Craig Allan because of all the connections and the new clients he brought to the firm. They can suggest Charles Tollison to shift some of his time from the audit/accounting work and try to bring in new contracts, as that is one of the major qualifications of a partner. 3. As a large international accounting, the criteria used when evaluating individuals for promotion to a partner is to place emphasis on the individual’s behavior, personal expectations, aggressiveness, and individual achievement. Job success with international firms is primarily dependent upon the individual’s technical competence, advancement does not occur without the development of management skills. In order to be considered a partner you need to learn more sophisticated management skills such as communicating, organizing, motivating, and directing the efforts of larger and more numerous teams of staff and senior accountants. By the time a person is considered for partner, his or her primary responsibilities, in order of importance, are that of client development, staff supervision, and, finally, technical accounting activities. Thus, while technical ability is the most important skill needed at the start of a career, it is not the most important skill needed to be come a partner of a large international accounting firm. Smaller accounting firms establish different criteria for evaluation individuals for promotion to partner as is an informal process and typically based on a person’s technical competence. Promotion is somewhat limited within small accounting firms. 4. Some accounting firms manage their staffs according to an â€Å"up or out† policy governing both promotions and staff retention. The advantages of this type of management is that only those people with the potential to become partners is equivalent to retaining those with the greatest intelligence and skills, meaning a stronger and more productive work force in the firm than would exist if people with lower potential were retained, no matter how valuable they otherwise might be. Moreover, it can seem more honest and straightforward than the tendency of many employers to retain staff by giving them false indications of their future prospects for promotion. Disadvantages are the high turnover work environment of an â€Å"up or out† policy. It is one device to keep all employees constantly on their toes and exerting themselves at full speed, at times with extensive work weeks as an ongoing proposition.

Racial Discrimination, a Long History - 1590 Words

Throughout history, discrimination has been one of the most discussed topics. Discrimination can be understood as a negative attitude toward individuals based on their beliefs in religious, racial, ethnic, political, or other domains. Our world has always faced the problem of discrimination. Discrimination does not just happen in one place or country; it happens everywhere in the world and affects different types or groups of people. Just as we live in a culturally diverse society, myriad countries has encountered at least one form of discrimination. Racial discrimination, one of most common type of discrimination, has existed for thousands of years. Racial discrimination occurs when a person is treated unfairly because of their race,†¦show more content†¦They would do such things as violent threats to make them leave their town and even such things as shootings and hangings just because they had a different skin color. This hatred and belief in the inferiority of African Americans entangled violence. Throughout the course of history, similarly to the blacks in America, the Jews in Europe have also been marginalized and suffered the greatest infraction against humanity in history. At that time of history the political leader of Germany was Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi party. He promised the German people that the country would get better if he got rid of the inferior race, which is the Jews. Nazism, the political system led by Hitler during World War 2, said â€Å"the best races were the purest ones that didn’t mix with other races; the supreme race was the â€Å"Aryan† race† (Arrieta par.1). Hitler felt that there was no place for Jews in their country. His hatred turned into inspiration for the policy of racial segregation and cruelty. It was the beginning of an era of disaster and massacre for Jews. Many discriminatory and violent attacks submerged Jewish neighborhoods. Nazi mobs broke the glass in Jewish shop windows; they stole from Jewish apartments, torched synagogues, and sent thousands of Jews to concentration camps. It was during this disastrous time that â€Å"Over 400 Jews were murdered and a fine wasShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 PagesAl Sharpton an American civil rights activist talked about racial discrimination in America today and said â€Å"As I often say, we have come a long way from the days of slavery, but in 2014, discrimination and inequality still saturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many livesRead MoreRacial Discrimination in America1439 Words   |  6 PagesDate: August 16, 2010 Racial Discrimination in America Abstract The framers that wrote the Declaration of Independence intended for this country to be founded on the rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. To an extent, this has been true, but our country still has a long way to go. Unless American society chooses to change their mindset and their way of thinking, then this country will never advance and there will continue to be racial discrimination in every aspect of our dailyRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Racism : Segregation And Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects of Racism: Segregation and Violence Racial discrimination affects many minority groups and this issue still occurs to this day. Racial discrimination is the act of treating others differently because of the color of their skin. 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It has changed vastly from th e time of the civil rights movement. We have to remember that the recognition of an injustice and public outcry will change nothing until we understand completely the issues that bring about these events. We have toRead MoreThe Civil Disobedience Of African Americans1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of African-Americans has come a long way through the years. They were first imported as slaves as property to do hard labor for their owners. With no freedom, they were forced to obey orders until a revolution appeared. It took a civil war to finally free blacks and to give them the right to be citizens of the country. It was then that the chains of slavery were finally broken, but the chain of discrimination still existed. 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